I answered my one of my own questions with a few tests:
Using a SATA2 3Gb/s cable on a 6G port and 6G drive results in 6G speed selected (with modern 2 year-old Intel ICH anyhow). Yikes!
root@sysresccd /root % smartctl -a /dev/sda |grep -i sata SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
As for spurious corrupted data on the wrong cable, my tests so far have been inconclusive (and a bit bewildering). It would seem dying SSDs can spit back wonky data even when they aren't reading the sector that is damaged!