Found the problem - Outlook has an option "Encode attachments in UUENCODE format when sending plain-text messages", which I had turned on. My apologies to everyone who had to wade through that...
Apparently Outlook automatically detects uuencoded attachments, because the message I got back from the list appears correctly in my MUA. Even weirder is that the message saved in my Sent Mail folder is 100% correctly MIME-encoded - Outlook didn't even faithfully preserve a copy of what it (presumably) sent!
-Adam